Purpose: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, highlighting the necessity of timely cardiovascular risk prediction and the management of risk factors to mitigate their incidence. heart rate recovery (HRR) serves as a noninvasive, long-term predictor of cardiovascular risk and subsequent mortality across populations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify which exercise-related variables and individual characteristics influence HRR in the healthy population. Review Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, and Cochrane. The articles were required to have samples consisting exclusively of healthy patients without cardiovascular risk factors. The analyzed variables had to include HRR, and the experimental design needed to be based on quantitative studies. Summary: As results, 16 articles were included. Eight of them analyzed variables associated with exercise characteristics (intensity, duration, modality, or different postures during pre-and postexercise periods), while the other eight focused on individual characteristics (age, sex, menstrual cycle, cardiorespiratory fitness, body fat percentage, birth weight, prematurity, or waist-to-height ratio) following one or multiple sessions of aerobic exercise in predominantly young male samples. In conclusion, exercise intensity, involvement of the upper limbs, exercise performed under normal conditions, prior postural changes, and activation of the muscle mechanoreflex influenced HRR. Individual characteristics that also influenced it included sex, cardiorespiratory fitness, waist–stature ratio, arterial stiffness, prematurity, and birth weight.

Background: Many studies showed that heart rate recovery (1 min) and exercise capacity at exercise test are both strong predictors of cardiovascular events in various populations. This study compared heart rate recovery (1min) and exercise capacity in individuals with and without metabolic syndrome in Iranian community.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 470 individuals aged ³ 35 years who followed in Isfahan Cohort Study. A questionnaire including questions on demographic and lifestyle information as well as weight, height, blood pressure, and waist circumference was completed. Triglyceride, fasting blood glucose (FBS), total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL levels were measured as well. All subjects performed a symptom limited exercise test under the standard Bruce protocol. heart rate recovery (1 min) and exercise capacity were calculated. Data were analyzed by generalized linear model SPSS15 software.Finding: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were higher in individuals with metabolic syndrome (P=0.001). heart rate recovery (1 min) was in normal range in individuals with and without metabolic syndrome (>18 bpm) but in subjects without metabolic syndrome it was higher (41.48 versus 37.07; P=0.007). There was no difference between men and women in individuals with and without metabolic syndrome (P=0.645 and 0.39 respectively). Exercise capacity was lower in individuals without metabolic syndrome (P=0.022).Conclusion: Our findings suggested that among exercise capacity and heart rate recovery, this is exercise capacity which has a stronger relationship with metabolic syndrome in our community. Also, it seems that there is a need for reconsideration on heart rate recovery threshold.

Background and Aim: heart rate variability used as a non-invasive method to investigate the effect of aerobics exercise on the cardiac Autonomic system. The aim of this study was the nonlinear analysis of the effect of aerobic exercise in the water on the cardiac Autonomic system in academic young's males. Materials and Methods: A total of 28 young men were randomly assigned to two groups of control and aerobic exercise in water. In the pre-test period and after the training intervention, all parameters of heart rate variability were measured by examining heart rate sequences, In the pre-test period and after the training intervention, all parameters of heart rate variability were measured by examining heart rate sequences, and then the standard deviation of the recorded sequences was interpreted by using the Poincare plot method. Independent t-test and paired t-test were used to compare the differences in the research stages. Results: Regular participation in aerobic exercise in water caused a significant (45. 1± 9. 2 vs. 34. 1± 12. 3) and standard deviation of time intervals of heart rate sequences compared to their adjacent sequence compared to the control group (P=0. 03). The longitudinal standard deviation of time intervals of heart rate sequences compared to the pre-test (P=0. 04) had a significant increase (79. 5± 12. 5 vs. 56. 9± 15. 8 After transferring the absolute results to normal, the normal state of the standard deviation of time intervals of heart rate sequences compared to its adjacent sequence compared to the control group (P=0. 03) had a significant increase (44. 7± 12. 05 vs. 36. 5± 13. 52). Also, the normal state of the longitudinal standard deviation of time intervals of heart rate sequences compared to the pre-test (P=0. 02) increased significantly (76. 4± 15. 29 vs. 61. 3± 9. 32). Conclusion: Performing aerobic exercise in an aqueous environment can be used as a useful training method to improve the responsiveness of the cardiac Autonomic system.

Background and Objective: Aging reduces cardiac Autonomic function parameters such as heart rate response to exercise and heart rate recovery after physical activity. This study aimed to determine the parasympathetic nerves reactivation after upper body exercise among young and middle-aged men. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study 24 active men based on their age were divided into two groups including 30-35 (young) and 55-60 years old men (middle-aged). Participants performed upper body exercise on a Monark arm ergometer. During the test, heart rate was recorded continuously by electrocardiogram. Also, participants' heart rate was recorded for 10 minutes after completion of the test. In order to measure the time domain parameters of heart rate variability (PNN50 and RMSSD), oneminute successive RR waves intervals collected in 5 minutes and 10 minutes after the completion of the test and then were transmitted to the heart rate variability software for analysis. Also, heart rate recovery was measured in one minute and two minutes after the test by the difference between the maximum heart rate during the test with heart rate in one and two minutes after the completion of the test. Results: There was a significant difference between PNN50 in minutes 5 and 10 after the test in young men (P<0. 05). Young men also had higher values of RMSSD in minutes 5 and 10 compared to middleaged men. The heart rate recovery in the 2 minutes after test was significantly higher than 1 minute after test in both groups (P<0. 05). heart rate recovery was higher in young people than in middle-aged people at 5 and 10 minutes after high-intensity exercise due to faster withdrawal of sympathetic nerves. Conclusion: Changes in the Autonomic nervous system is dependent on the type, duration of activity, and the age of the participants.

Background: Patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) may reveal symptoms of Autonomic dysfunction and heart rate variability (HRV). We sought to explore the Autonomic nervous system in children with MVP. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 60 children aged between 5 and 15 years with MVP and 60 age-and sexmatched healthy children as controls. Two cardiologists performed electrocardiography and standard echocardiography. HRV parameters were explored via 24-hour rhythm 3-channel Holter monitoring. The depolarization of ventricular and atrial parameters, comprising QT max and min, QTc intervals, QT dispersion, P maximum and minimum, and P-wave dispersion, was measured and compared. Results: The mean age was 13. 12±, 1. 50 years in the MVP group (F/M: 34/26) and 13. 20±, 1. 81 years in the control group (F/M: 35/25). The maximum duration and P-wave dispersion in the MVP group were significantly different from the healthy children (P<0. 001). The longest and shortest QT dispersion values and QTc values were significantly different between the 2 groups (P=0. 004, P=0. 043, P<0. 001, and P<0. 001, respectively). The HRV parameters were significantly different between the 2 groups, too. Conclusion: Decreased HRV and inhomogeneous depolarization showed that our children with MVP were prone to atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Furthermore, P-wave dispersion and QTc could be used as prognostic markers of cardiac Autonomic dysfunction before it is diagnosed by 24-hour Holter monitoring.

Introduction: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and crohn’s disease(CD), are characterized by a chronic relapsing remitting course as a result of intestinal inflammation. Increased intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) permeability during chronic inflammation is a key factor in IBD pathogenesis. The preservation of gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal integrity depends on the rapid alarm of protective mechanisms in the face of pending injury. Two main inflammatory control mechanisms are included: the innate immune responses and brain derived immunoregulatory output. More recent evidences reveal that the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) comprised by the vagus nerve (VN) is a major player in neuroimmune cross-talk which exerts potent immunomodulatory effects on inflammatory responses. It subserves this goal through the different mechanisms. Autonomic dysfunctions has been reported earlier in IBD patients. In this context, the role of the cholinergic system in the regulation of the gut immune responses has fuelled an increased interest in recent years. In this review, we will discuss the current mechanisms involved in the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in the GI tract and describe how the alterations of the cholinergic system activity participate in the development of IBD.Methods: Integrative literature review was performed in the following databases: MEDLINE/ PubMed, SciVerse Scopus, and ISI Web of Science.Key search terms were “crohn’s disease”; “Autonomic nervous system”; “inflammation”; and “ulcerative colitis.32 articles were selected for this review.Results: The selected literature show that Ach protects epithelial cells from the detrimental effects of proinflammatory cytokines on the integrity of the IEB via activation of its muscarinic receptors (mAchR).It also suppresses the splenic immune cell activation and alters interaction between dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells in experimental colitis.Conclusion: Deeper investigation on the molecular mechanisms underlying this counter-regulatory neuroimmune mechanism will open new therapeutic avenues for the treatment of IBD.

Introduction: In individuals with panic disorder, the level of Autonomic nervous system activity is more impaired and the levels of oxidative markers are higher. The positive effects of aerobic exercise may help to improve oxidative stress and heart rate variability (HRV). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic and combined exercises on the Autonomic nervous system, HRV, and oxidative stress in women with panic disorder. Methods: In this quasi-experimental clinical trial, 31 women with panic disorder participated through a convenience sampling method with a mean panic score of (42. 96 ± 16. 66). Participants were randomly assigned into two groups: low-impact aerobics exercise (n=10), and high-low impact aerobics + resistance exercise (n=10), and one control group (n=11). Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) indices were measured by blood sampling and resting heart rate variability (HRV) was measured by a Holter monitoring device 24 hours before the start of the first training session and 24 hours after the last training session. Data were analyzed using an analysis of covariance test at a significance level of 0. 05 using SPSS version 26. Results: The results showed a significant difference in MDA, TAC, and panic scores after 12 weeks of training in both exercise groups (P ≥ 0. 05). However, HRV indices (SDNN, HF, LF, LF/HF, and TP) showed no significant changes. Conclusion: Twelve weeks of low-impact aerobics and high-low-impact aerobics-resistance exercises improved the level of oxidative stress in women with panic disorder.